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1 Department of Geology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
2 Kennecott Exploration Co., 961 Matley Lane, Suite 120, Reno, Nevada 89502
3 Earth Resources Center, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
Plate tectonic theory implies that orogeny at convergent margins results from several processes, including subduction of oceanic crust, subduction of aseismic ridges, accretion of terranes, and continental collision. Each of these processes involves the consumption of an oceanic tract, and each has its own characteristic style of tectonothermal activity. An additional, potentially important, orogenic process has been largely overlooked. Oceanic regions contain chains of volcanic islands formed at hotspots, which are generally considered to reflect the sites of rising plumes. In a hotspot reference frame, where active continental margins advance and override a plume, the plume's buoyant swell may profoundly change the tectonothermal expression of subduction and hence orogenic processes at the continental margin. The Late Cretaceous–Tertiary evolution of the western United States may be an example of this process, which has been overlooked in the development of orogenic paradigms.
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