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Kimberlite melts rich in alkali chlorides and carbonates: A potent metasomatic agent in the mantle

¹ Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz 55020, Germany, and Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
² Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz 55020, Germany, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry, Moscow 117975, Russia
³ Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz 55020, Germany, and Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
⁴ School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
⁵ Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
⁶ GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg B 120, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany
⁷ Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

Kimberlite magmas, as the deepest probe into Earth's mantle (>150 km), can supply unique information about volatile components (hydrogen, carbon, chlorine, sulfur) in mantle-derived melts and fluids. All known kimberlite rocks are not suitable for studies of mantle volatiles because of their pervasive postmagmatic alteration; however, this study discusses an exceptionally fresh group I kimberlites (<0.5 wt% H₂O) from the Udachnaya-East diamondiferous pipe in Siberia. Kimberlite groundmass, in addition to euhedral olivine and calcite, is extremely enriched (at least 8 wt%) in water-soluble alkali chlorides, alkali carbonates, and sulfates (ratio 5:3:1), and often shows immiscibility textures. A primary magmatic origin of alkali chlorides and alkali carbonates is confirmed by the study of strontium isotopes in the water- and dilute acid–leachates of the groundmass (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7069 and 0.7050) that contrast with much more radiogenic isotope composition of the Cambrian platform sedimentary rocks and the Udachnaya-East mine-site brines. Melt inclusions in groundmass olivine, composed of halite, sylvite, alkali-Ca carbonates, phlogopite, olivine, and CO₂ fluid, were used to determine the composition and evolution of the kimberlite melt prior to emplacement. Melt inclusions show immiscibility between chloride and carbonate liquids at <600 °C in heating stage experiments. The chloride and carbonate enrichment in the kimberlite parental magma suggests the presence of a powerful agent for chemical modifications (metasomatism) in the mantle and crust.

Key Words: kimberlite • mantle volatiles • chlorine • carbonate • metasomatism • melt inclusions • immiscibility

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