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Paleozoic stromatactis and zebra carbonate mud-mounds: Global abundance and paleogeographic distribution

¹ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
² Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0049, USA
³ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
⁴ Energy Branch, Saskatchewan Research Council, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 7J7, Canada
⁵ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
⁶ Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada

Carbonate mud-mounds with zebra and stromatactis structures are present in every Paleozoic system and series, but are more common in Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, reaching their acme in Mississippian System (lower Carboniferous) rocks. Global distributions illustrate that mud-mounds spanned the planet ranging from tropical to polar circles. Such a wide latitudinal span signifies that they not only grew in and occupied warm depositional environments, but also in settings where oceanic waters were cold and seasonally light limited. Moreover, their proliferation during the Devonian and Carboniferous was at a time when planet-wide climatic ice-house conditions are thought to have prevailed. Mud-mounds, therefore, may also be products of cool and cold-water carbonate sedimentation.

Key Words: mud-mound • zebra structures • stromatactis structures • gas hydrates • Paleozoic paleogeography • Paleozoic paleolatitude

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