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A penultimate glacial monsoon record from Hulu Cave and two-phase glacial terminations

¹ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA, and College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
² Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
³ College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
⁴ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
⁵ Department of Geological Sciences and Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
⁶ Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710054, China

Oxygen isotope records of three stalagmites from Hulu Cave, China, extend the previous high-resolution absolute-dated Hulu Asian Monsoon record from the last to the penultimate glacial and deglacial periods. The penultimate glacial monsoon broadly follows orbitally induced insolation variations and is punctuated by at least 16 millennial-scale events. We confirm a Weak Monsoon Interval between 135.5 ± 1.0 and 129.0 ± 1.0 ka, prior to the abrupt increase in monsoon intensity at Asian Monsoon Termination II. Based on correlations with both marine ice-rafted debris and atmospheric CH₄ records, we demonstrate that most of marine Termination II, the full rise in Antarctic temperature and atmospheric CO₂, and much of the rise in CH₄ occurred within the Weak Monsoon Interval, when the high northern latitudes were probably cold. From these relationships and similar relationships observed for Termination I, we identify a two-phase glacial termination process that was probably driven by orbital forcing in both hemispheres, affecting the atmospheric hydrological cycle, and combined with ice sheet dynamics.

Key Words: Hulu Cave • penultimate glacial • Termination II • Asian Monsoon • speleothem records • Chinese interstadials

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