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Rapid magma ascent recorded by water diffusion profiles in mantle olivine

¹ Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany, and Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3600 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, Texas 77058, USA
² Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory, 5251 Broad Branch Rd. NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, USA
³ Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, 1A rue de la Ferollerie, F-4507 Orléans Cedex, France
⁴ Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado–Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

Mechanisms and rates of magma ascent play a critical role in eruption dynamics but remain poorly constrained phenomena. Water, dissolved in mantle minerals as hydrogen and partitioned into the magma during ascent, may provide clues to quantifying magma ascent rates prior to eruption. We determined the dehydration profiles in olivine crystals from peridotite mantle xenoliths within the Pali-Aike alkali basalt from Patagonia, Chile. The results demonstrate that the amount of water stored in the uppermost mantle has likely been underestimated due to water loss during transport. Using experimental diffusion data for hydrogen, we estimate that the xenoliths reached the surface from 60–70 km depth in several hours, a surprisingly rapid rise comparable to ascent rates for kimberlite magmas.

Key Words: Earth's upper mantle • mantle xenolith • hydrogen • diffusion • olivine • magma ascent rate

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