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Identifying tsunami deposits using bivalve shell taphonomy

¹ School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
² Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, Minnesota 56301, USA
³ Office of the Adviser to His Majesty the Sultan for Cultural Affairs, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Geographic location of study area relative to the Makran subduction zone and 28 November 1945 earthquake epicenter.

View larger version (94K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Digital elevation model of Sur Lagoon created using Geosoft OasisTM software. Data points collected during walking survey of the lagoon (using Trimble R3 survey device) on transect lines spaced 100 m apart. Offshore bathymetric data were collected by echo sounder and adjusted to fit lagoon topographic data. Depth and elevation are shown as meters relative to mean sea level (m.s.l.). Spot elevations in meters above sea level and land contour lines shown for 10 and 20 m. Core and beach collection localities indicated by triangles. Sand spit is stippled section west of lagoon entrance.

View larger version (66K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Core lithology plotted north to south with the tsunami horizon correlated between cores with dashed lines. Elevations of core tops are relative to mean sea level. Thin upper shell beds in cores 1 and 7 represent recent burial events (<15 yr).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Mean taphonomic values with 1 standard deviation.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. A: Percentage of articulated specimens recovered at each sample site based on their habitat (as described in Bosch et al., 1995). No articulated specimens were recovered from sites 6 (lower and upper), 8, and B2 and B3. B: Percentage of identifiable bivalves (disarticulated valves and articulated specimens) recovered from core and beach sites. Ecotope designations after Bosch et al. (1995).

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. Scenario for stratigraphic development of the tsunami horizon within Sur Lagoon.