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Rapid warming and salinity changes of Cretaceous surface waters in the subtropical North Atlantic

¹ School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Devonshire Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
² Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
³ Department of Marine Biogeochemistry and Toxicology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
⁴ Institute for Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 49a, 50674 Köln, Germany

View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Locations of Atlantic and Vocontian Basin oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1b sites superimposed on the paleogeographic map of the mid-Cretaceous, ca. 110 Ma (from Wagner et al., 2007). A: Biostratigraphy, lithology, and sedimentary structures across studied section (389.5–391.0 m below seafloor), including the OAE 1b black shale unit at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP; ODP—Ocean Drilling Program) Site 545 (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1984). Core photo shows gradational contact at base of the black shale. B: Bulk carbonate stable carbon isotopic (13 Ccarb) records (vs. Peedee belemnite, PDB) covering OAE 1b (light gray shading) at three different locations.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Geochemical records of oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1b sediments from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 545 (see Fig. 1A): stable carbon isotopes of bulk carbonate (13 Ccarb) and organic carbon (OC) (13 Corg), content of total OC (TOC) and carbonate (CaCO3), compound-specific stable carbon isotope data from marine C27-sterenes and averaged terrestrial long-chain C27, C29, C31 n-alkanes, and TEX86-based estimates of sea surface temperature (SST). TEX86-SST data are presented for Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1049 at Blake Nose. Stratigraphic position of OAE 1b (light gray shading) is based on biostratigraphy (Leckie, 1984; Herrle et al., 2004) combined with 13 Ccarb (Herrle et al., 2004), in agreement with sections from the Vocontian Basin (Herrle et al., 2003) and ODP Site 1049 (Erbacher et al., 2001). Gray shaded interval indicates depth interval representing OAE 1B.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. TEX86–sea surface temperature (SST) (this study), selected stable oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktic foram-inifera (foram.) species Hedbergella aff. H. trocoidea (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1049, from Erbacher et al., 2001). Sea surface salinity (SSS) estimates based on selected 18O of H. aff. H. trocoidea and TEX86 using the model of Railsback et al. (1989; see text for discussion).