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Cooling and ice growth across the Eocene-Oligocene transition

¹ School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, UK
² Geology Department, Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP, UK
³ School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, UK
⁴ Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Multiproxy geochemical records of ocean and climate change across the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) transition. A: Oxygen isotope records. Black circles—benthic foraminiferal 18O data from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1218 (Coxall et al., 2005); red diamonds—planktonic foraminiferal 18O data from Tanzanian Drilling Project (TDP) Sites 12 and 17 (Pearson et al., 2008). B: Benthic foraminiferal 18O data and bottom-water temperatures from TDP Sites 12 and 17. Open gray circles—multispecific Cibicidoides spp. 18O; solid black squares—monospecific Epistomina sp. 18O adjusted by –1; open green circles—Cibicidoides sp. Mg/Ca temperatures; solid green squares—Epistomina sp. Sr/Ca temperatures. C: Sea-surface temperature (SST) records from TDP Sites 11, 12, and 17. Closed red diamonds—calculated from Turborotalia ampliapertura Mg/Ca from TDP Site 12; hachured red squares—derived from TEX86 measurements from TDP Site 11 (Pearson et al., 2007); open red diamonds—TDP composite planktonic foraminiferal 18O record as in A (Pearson et al., 2008). D: Calculated near-surface 18Osw offshore Tanzania across E-O transition. Blue line—calculated by interpolating both planktonic 18O and Mg/Ca-temperature records (C); solid blue squares—calculated using planktonic Mg/Ca temperatures and interpolating planktonic 18O record; open black diamonds—benthic-planktonic 18O gradient, in part reflecting water depth, calculated from Epistomina sp. 18O and interpolated T. ampliapertura 18O. Yellow shaded bars highlight the two "steps" of the oxygen isotope shift (Coxall et al., 2005), and vertical dashed black line marks E-O boundary as defined by extinction of the Family Hantkeninidae. VPDB—Vienna Peedee belemnite.